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  In drug development, drug forming research , including pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and early safety evaluation of drugs, is required to determine whether the active compound has the potential to be developed into a pill. The drug-forming properties of drugs are also an essential part of the drug-forming evaluation, and salt formation is one of the effective means to improve the physicochemical properties of drug molecules and enhance drug-forming properties.   Many drugs are salts of organic acids or bases. The salt formation can make some oily organic acids or organic bases solid, which is conducive to preparing concrete dosage forms. Moreover, the salt formation of drugs increases the water solubility, which is conducive to preparing some aqueous dosage forms, such as water injection and oral liquid. The salt formation process is often a purification process, which removes the impurities mixed in the drug that cannot become salt, etc. So what are the benefits of salt fo

 The development of various human diseases is highly complex. For drug developers to study human pathogenesis and pathological changes and observe and evaluate the efficacy of drugs, it is necessary to construct models that mimic human diseases, such as organoid or animal models, to explore the nature of human diseases and evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs. In vitro, ex vivo, or rodent models are generally used in the early stage of drug discovery . As new drug candidates progress from discovery to preclinical development and scale-up drug preparation, large animal models such as Minipigs, dogs, and monkeys are gradually adopted. The porcine model is one of the large animal models used in many laboratories and drug research sites. The size and characteristics of pigs vary by species. Minipigs were first used in medical research in Europe before being introduced to the United States in the 1980s. Minipigs are a commonly used animal model for pharmaceutical research. Minipigs are s

 Saponins are one of the main active ingredients of many herbal medicines such as ginseng, Polygala tenuifolia, Platycodon grandiflorum, licorice, rhizoma anemarrhenae, and radix bupleurum. Pharmacological studies have shown that saponins have biological activities such as antibacterial, antitumor, modulation of body metabolism and immunity, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. The in vivo metabolites of saponins were analyzed by chromatography-mass spectrometry to provide favorable evidence for the elucidation of the therapeutic mechanism of Chinese medicine. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is a bioanalytical technique that combines the high separation performance of high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC with the high sensitivity and specificity of tandem mass spectrometry. It does not require complete chromatographic separation between analytes, and its multi-window detection capability allows the quantitative analysis of multiple com

 The metabolite content of drugs in organisms is minimal, and it is not easy to isolate and prepare pure products. The metabolite structure is complex, and it is also challenging to obtain metabolites by chemical synthesis. Thus the study of metabolite analysis of drugs in organisms is minimal. Bitter ginseng is the dried root of bitter legume ginseng. The secondary metabolites currently isolated from bitter ginseng are mainly alkaloids and flavonoids, in addition to a few phenolic, triterpenoid, phenylpropanoid, fatty acid, and amino acid components. Domestic and foreign research focuses on its alkaloid components. The alkaloids extracted, isolated, and identified from the bitter ginseng plant now include bitter ginseng alkaloids, oxymatrine, iso-bitter ginseng alkaloids, hydroxy bitter ginseng alkaloids, lacustrine, oxymatrine, etc.  Metabolite identification refers to identifying and characterizing the small molecules (metabolites) present in a biological sample, such as blood, uri

 In the process of new drug development, it is necessary to conduct pharmacokinetic studies to analyze the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs in vivo and use them as their outstanding advantages and effects.  Generally speaking, drugs with exceptional benefits should have shallow toxic side effects, good pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, high efficiency of utilization and absorption, high solubility, and low toxicity of metabolites in vivo, etc., which can be used to guide new drug development and clinical drug use. The drug’s utilization and absorption efficiency are relatively high, and it has relatively high solubility. Moreover, the toxicity of metabolites in the body is relatively low, which can be used to guide the development of new drugs and clinical medication. Pharmacokinetics is a discipline that adopts mathematical principles and methods to quantitatively analyze and describe the dynamic processes of drugs and their regularity in vivo, which can quantitativ

 Mass spectrometry is an essential technique for performing drug metabolite analysis , which is characterized by high detection sensitivity, a wide range of molecular masses analyzed, and a large amount of molecular structure information provided. Moreover, mass spectrometry is often used in conjunction with other analytical methods, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, which further expands the application of mass spectrometry. For example, some researchers have used ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for metabolite analysis of drugs in rats to investigate the substances that exert drug effects. 1. Mass spectrometry can be used for drug metabolite analysis Drug metabolites are derived from the metabolic reactions of drugs, and the structure of metabolites is closely related to the type of metabolic reactions and the structural properties of precursor compounds. After the metabolic transformation of a drug in vivo, only some structural mod

 Natural products and their derivatives are essential for various drug lead compounds. Finding new drugs from active natural product skeletons and optimizing lead compounds is critical to drug development. Some chemical components of Chinese medicines are of great interest to pharmaceutical R&D workers because they may have multiple pharmacological activities .  Understanding the metabolism of natural products isolated from plants or synthesized using chemical methods in vivo can provide an individual material basis for pharmacodynamic and pharmacological studies of the drug. Rats or mice are usually used as animal models for the analysis of metabolites of compounds in vivo. Drug metabolism is one of the critical factors affecting the action of drugs. Studying the pathways and stability of drug metabolism, the enzymes and kinetic parameters involved in metabolism, and the drug interaction problems caused by metabolism are necessary to find efficient and less toxic drugs. Thus it is

 Usually, good pharmacokinetics properties are one of the criteria for judging a good or bad drug. Pharmacokinetics can explore the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body, as well as the pharmacological and toxicological significance, brought about in this process, to ensure the safe dose of rational clinical use of drugs, reduce the incidence of adverse reactions in the process of clinical use, and ultimately ensure the safety of human drug use. Among them, drug excretion is an essential component of drug elimination in vivo and is part of the pharmacokinetic study. Generally, drugs are excreted through the kidneys, bile, lungs, breast milk, salivary glands, bronchial glands, sweat glands, and intestines. 1、Renal The kidney is an essential organ for drug excretion. The basic structure of the kidney is the renal unit, which consists of the glomerulus and the renal tubules, and there are about one million renal units in a kidney. The blood flow through

 A large number of candidate compounds is the basis for drug development, and compound activity screening and testing are critical to obtaining candidate compounds with clinical safety data. In screening candidate compounds, pharmacokinetic parameters are another important screening metric to examine potential compounds in addition to their efficacy, which can be used to better control drug development time and reduce drug development costs by excluding candidates with suboptimal pharmacokinetic parameters early in drug development. Image from pixabay Modern advances in science and technology have greatly accelerated the rate of drug candidate discovery, with thousands of new compounds requiring screening each year. When a candidate compound enters the clinical phase, it is usually studied in healthy volunteers to obtain the kinetic parameters of the drug in humans.  A large number of candidate compounds are often eliminated for pharmacokinetic reasons. Important pharmacokinetic param